The compositions of the solution consists of Myrtus communis L. (murt tree, true myrtle) leaf and branch extract (0.03%) and water. Biyoderm® solution is bottled in a 100 ml spray form and its each 1000 mg mass contains 3 g of Myrtus communis extract. It has been determined that substances such as salicyclic acid, gallic acid, catechin, myricetin, rosmarinic acid and quercetin are naturally present in its content.

Gallic acid, one of the main components of the solution; It is a water-soluble phenolic acid that is also found in the leaves of grapes and various plants. Studies show that herbal products containing gallic acid are used extensively among the people as skin protectors and moisturizers. The deteriorating structure of the skin, especially in the uppermost layer, leads to rapid water loss, resulting in a decrease in humidity and a change in the acidity rate. The normalization of this situation, which will be described as a kind of trauma, varies depending on the speed of the skin’s own protective and repairing mechanism. This process may be prolonged, especially due to stress, advancing age or external physical conditions. Herbal solutions containing gallic acid components help to preserve the moisture of the skin and accelerate this process by regulating the acidity value. By forming a mechanical barrier, it covers the skin like a wide cover and ensures the preservation of the physical conditions that will enable the skin repair mechanism to be activated effectively in the sheltered area under this cover. Since it has been observed that herbal solutions containing gallic acid are preferred in ethnobotanical studies due to their ease of use and lack of side effects, this type of cream or solution is both used among the public and produced in the form of commercial preparations in various parts of the world.

Catechin is a phenolic molecule. It is especially abundant in green tea. It is a very effective skin protector with more effectiveness in women (Yusuf et al., 2007; Heinrich et al., 2011). It is especially effective by preserving the soft and moist structure of the skin. In many countries, herbal solutions obtained by boiling in the form of tea are applied on the skin and used to help create a healthy and natural skin structure.

Myricetin is a bioflavonoid commonly found in many plants in nature. Flavonoids are very commonly used as humectants, especially in damaged skin. It is more or less found in the structure of many plants, from cucumbers to blueberries, from grapes to walnuts, and is included in the content of skin masks that help the skin to look bright and healthy. Especially because of its pleasant smell, the effect of myricetin is very high in the use of some plants as perfume, sweetener or spice at the same time.

Salicyclic acid is a colorless, crystalline acid obtained mainly from the bark of willow and chestnut leaves. Salicyclic acid is a very good keratolytic when used non-invasively, the effectiveness of which has been known for many years (Huber & Christophus, 1977; Benfeldt & Serup, 1999). By increasing the amount of moisture in the skin, it helps the cells to adhere to each other more easily, helping the skin to be softer and smoother. It is a very good mechanical barrier used not only for humans but also for extending the shelf life of fruits such as cherries (Yaşar, 2017). By completely covering the surface, they create an effect that reduces water loss intensively in the lower part. Its soot decreases and a physical effect occurs accordingly. Since the natural moisture of the skin is preserved, its regeneration is accelerated. Studies have shown that it is also very effective in acne and pimples due to this feature (Garg et al, 2009). It has also been shown to have an exfoliating effect that can cleanse the skin.

Rosmarinic acid is a compound consisting of polyphenol groups. Polyphenols are very good skin protectants (Ratz-Lyko et al., 2015). In general, the amount of free oxygen in the skin decreases by the age of 25 and decreases by half around the age of 40. This leads to narrowing of the blood vessels and ultimately to the deterioration of skin integrity, just like in burns. Polyphenols help to keep the oxygen stable with the barrier they form. Rosmarinic acid; In addition, by supporting the regulation of the pH balance of the skin, it helps to prevent cell damage caused by traumatic effects such as aging, wrinkles, burns, etc. (Osakabe et al., 2004). Quercetin is a plant pigment. Found naturally in plants, it is also used as a food supplement, like many other moisturizers.

Ethnobotanical products containing these active ingredients have been widely used in various countries for centuries in different forms. It is known that in this state, it does not have adverse acute effects on health, does not contain toxic or genotoxic components, and does not have mutagenic or teratogenic effects.

The skin, which is the largest organ of humans, has many functions; It connects the body with the external environment and at the same time isolates it. The stratum corneum is the main protective element of the skin; It is a membrane between external and internal environments. Compared with the total thickness of the skin, the stratum corneum is relatively thin. It is the most visible outer layer that shows the skin’s condition and appearance. The stratum corneum protects the deeper layers of the skin/epidermis against pathogenic microorganisms and harmful UV rays. Closer to the outer surface, the structure of the stratum corneum is less compact. Individual cells divide, become loose and peel off in small quantities. This is an unobtrusive, constant skin resurfacing process. An adult person loses about 10 g of skin each day. New cells replace old and damaged cells, and small defects of the epidermis disappear without a trace. The regeneration process of the epidermis in young people takes an average of 26-28 days. As you get older, the process may take longer. The structure of the stratum corneum and its ability to block water are key factors in maintaining an appropriate level of hydration. The right amount of water in the stratum corneum contributes to exfoliation of the skin, the functioning of enzymes and the formation of moisturizing substances in the body. The stratum corneum is responsible for water control and regulates the natural flow of moisture through the deeper layers. To some extent, genetic predispositions affect the appearance of the skin, but its condition depends on both internal and external care methods. The condition of the skin is affected by environmental factors and lifestyle. For example, a wrong diet negatively affects the appearance of the skin and its response to various chemical and physical stimuli. The appearance of the skin reflects the state of the human body. That’s why practicing a healthy lifestyle, avoiding stress, and maintaining proper hydration all affect the skin’s appearance. Hormones, bacteria or drugs are just one of the factors that affect the development of spots, acne or the development of skin diseases. Almost everyone has been affected by these disorders at some point in their life.

Human skin is susceptible to contact with various chemicals and reactions that are a result of the functioning of the human body (eg stress or improper diet). In mammals, epithelial tissue prevents the entry of most pathogens. Not only the skin but also the mucous membranes lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts play a role in this inhibitory defense. Certain cells of the mucous membranes secrete a viscous fluid called mucus that traps microorganisms and other particles. Ciliated epithelial cells in the windpipe help protect the lungs from infection by sweeping mucus and microbes trapped in the mucus upwards. They secrete mucus that washes saliva, tears and various open epithelium, and prevents the settlement of fungi and bacteria by washing. In addition to the physical function of preventing the entry of microbes, body secretions also create a hostile environment for most microorganisms. Lysozyme in saliva, tears, and mucous secretions breaks down the cell walls of susceptible microbes to enter through openings around the eyes and in the upper airways. Microbes in water, food, and swallowed mucus must also combat the acidic environment of the stomach; The acidic environment of the stomach kills most of them before they even pass into the intestines. Similarly, secretions from the sebaceous and sweat glands impart an acidity to the human skin with a pH ranging from 3-5; this level of acidity is sufficient to inhibit the growth of most bacteria. Herbal solutions such as Biyoderm® also function as an acidity regulator with tannins such as quercetin they contain in studies (Aleksic & Knezevic, 2014).

Burn is also a type of skin trauma. Various agents are used in the local treatment of burns. Each agent usually targets one or more complications, occurring after the burn wound, and accelerating the healing process of the burn. Quercetin, one of these agents and the active ingredients of Biyoderm®, is one of the flavonoids commonly found in fruits and vegetables. Quercetin is a very good moisturizer. The earliest known humectants are salt and sugar, and these substances are generally effective when used externally. Humidifiers also act as food preservatives. Topically applied humectants act as barriers to trans-epidermal water loss. By creating a mechanical barrier in all conditions, they ensure that the skin is in a closed structure (Madison, 2003) and increase visco-elasticity (Kapoor & Saraf, 2010). Quercetin is also a very special moisturizer that protects the skin from UV rays and activates the skin’s auto-defense system (Hatahet et al., 2016). As can be understood from the literature and applications, the effectiveness and working mechanism of Biyoderm® emerges as a physical barrier to the skin, and quercetin and other tannins act like liquid crystals. Flavonoids are not much absorbed by the skin anyway (Epstein, 2009), so they form a surface with a barrier and gelatinous film (Guillen-Gomez et al, 2007). In ethnobotanical studies, it is shown that the leaves and seeds of murt (Myrtus communis), the plant from which Biyoderm® is obtained, are used in a similar way among the people.

Although the traditional use of Myrtus in folk medicine is very diverse, it is commonly applied as a topical application in the form of preparing solutions or creams obtained by different methods or by placing the plant directly on the skin. It is seen that it is applied against burns, redness and allergies rather than open wounds, and it is also used as a cosmetic product in some regions due to the pleasant smell and coloring properties of the tannins it contains (Oğur, 1994; Aleksic & Knezevic, 2014). In some studies, it has been shown that these solutions have a repellent effect on various insects, especially mosquitoes, and reduce the effects of skin reactions in cases such as mosquito bites (Alipour et al., 2014). Prevention of a disease or problem is sometimes more valuable than cure. With the physical barrier it creates, Biyoderm® has the ability to reduce the occurrence of disorders such as diaper rash and allergies, and also has the feature of preserving the natural flora of the skin and preventing external factors that cause them. When the activities of other flavones, flavonols, flavanonenes, essential oils and both hydrolyzable and dense tannins contained in Myrtus are examined, it is known that it shows activity with very different effects. Apart from lignins, polyphenols are known as very good humectants due to non-hydrolyzed tannins and have been used as a cosmetic and care product for centuries. For this reason, especially in the last ten years, intensive studies have been carried out and its moisturizing, protective and refreshing properties on the skin have led to the continuation of studies on dermatology from a different perspective. Some of the tannins protect the skin against the negative effects of external physical factors as a mechanical barrier due to their dense structure, which also ensures their use in paint production, as well as helping to eliminate the negative effects on the skin with the cover-like protective sheath it provides. In particular, some substances such as catechin cause this feature to occur. The formation of wrinkles on the skin is also an important problem. Maintaining the amount of water in the outer layer of the skin is one of the most necessary prerequisites for healthy skin. While some alkaloids cause an astringent effect by narrowing blood vessels, substances such as alcohol and glycerol have a similar effect by trapping water in the tissues. Zinc-like metallic astrigens, on the other hand, are effective by causing the tissues to accumulate on top of each other. Most polyphenols, on the other hand, have the property of retaining water with a mechanical effect and protecting skin integrity due to atringen effect. Studies on this subject encourage the use of murt plant. Extensive review studies on the subject have been published recently, and it has been shown that the treatment accelerating effects on the skin create a mechanical barrier rather than a positive effect in an acidic and highly humid environment in the isolated area at the bottom. Here, especially as summarized above, catechin, quercetin and salicyclic acid have been reported to be effective, as demonstrated by the results obtained from various studies (For an extensive review, see Aleksic & Knezevic, 2014).

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